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<title>Rolls-Royce LiftSystem</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rolls-Royce LiftSystem</span></span>

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<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%;">LiftSystem

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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">The Rolls-Royce LiftSystem coupled to an <a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney_F135" title="Pratt & Whitney F135">F135</a> turbofan at the <a href="Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a> in 2007

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<th>Type

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<td><a href="STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> lift system

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<th>Manufacturer

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<td><a href="Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce plc</a>

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<th><span class="nowrap">Major applications</span>

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<td><a href="F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a>

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<p>The <b>Rolls-Royce LiftSystem</b>, together with the <a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney_F135" title="Pratt & Whitney F135">F135 engine</a>, is an <a href="Aircraft_propulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft propulsion">aircraft propulsion</a> system designed for use in the <a href="STOVL" title="STOVL">STOVL</a> variant of the <a href="F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a>. The complete system, known as the Integrated Lift Fan Propulsion System (ILFPS), was awarded the <a href="Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirement">Requirement</h2></div>

<p>The F-35B STOVL variant of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) aircraft was intended to replace the <a href="McDonnell_Douglas_AV-8B_Harrier_II" title="McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II">McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II</a> and the <a href="McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet</a> used by the <a href="United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>. It would also replace the <a href="British_Aerospace_Harrier_II" title="British Aerospace Harrier II">British Aerospace Harrier II</a> and the <a href="British_Aerospace_Sea_Harrier" title="British Aerospace Sea Harrier">British Aerospace Sea Harrier</a> used by <a href="Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and <a href="Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft had to have a <a href="Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> capability, and a suitable <a href="VTOL" title="VTOL">vertical lift</a> system that would not compromise this capability was needed for the STOVL variant. This requirement was met by the <a href="Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a> LiftSystem, developed through a <a href="US_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US Dollar">$</a>1.3 billion System Development and Demonstration (SDD) contract from <a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This requirement was met on 20 July 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-LMpress_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMpress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ss-hover_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss-hover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2></div>

<p>Instead of using separate lift engines, like the <a href="Yakovlev_Yak-38" title="Yakovlev Yak-38">Yakovlev Yak-38</a>, or rotating nozzles for engine bypass air, like the Harrier, the "LiftSystem" has a shaft-driven LiftFan, designed by <a href="Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> and developed by Rolls-Royce,<sup id="cite_ref-RR_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">thrust vectoring</a> nozzle for the engine exhaust that provides lift and can also withstand afterburning temperatures in conventional flight to achieve supersonic speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-LMpress_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMpress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lifting/propulsion system with its Three Bearing Swivel Duct Nozzle (3BSD) most closely resembles plans for the <a href="Convair_Model_200" title="Convair Model 200">Convair Model 200</a> Sea Control Fighter of 1973 than the preceding generation of STOVL designs to which the Harrier belongs.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The team responsible for developing the propulsion system included Lockheed Martin, <a href="Northrop_Grumman" title="Northrop Grumman">Northrop Grumman</a>, <a href="BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a>, Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce, under the leadership of the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> <a href="Joint_Strike_Fighter_program" title="Joint Strike Fighter program">Joint Strike Fighter Program</a> Office. <a href="Paul_Bevilaqua" title="Paul Bevilaqua">Paul Bevilaqua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BevilaquaVideo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BevilaquaVideo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Engineer of Lockheed Martin Advanced Development Projects (<a href="Skunk_Works" title="Skunk Works">Skunk Works</a>), invented the lift fan propulsion system.<sup id="cite_ref-LiftFanPatent_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiftFanPatent-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a shaft-driven lift-fan dates back to the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lift fan was demonstrated by the <a href="Allison_Engine_Company" title="Allison Engine Company">Allison Engine Company</a> in 1995–97.<sup id="cite_ref-fiSingle_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiSingle-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) awarded <a href="GE_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Aviation">General Electric</a> and Rolls-Royce a $2.1 billion contract to jointly develop the <a href="General_Electric/Rolls-Royce_F136" title="General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136">F136</a> engine as an alternative to the F135. The LiftSystem was designed to be used with either engine.<sup id="cite_ref-RR_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following termination of government funding GE and Rolls-Royce terminated further development of the engine in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Rolls-Royce managed the overall development and integration program in <a href="Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, and was also responsible for the LiftFan turbomachinery, 3BSM and Roll Post designs. Rolls-Royce in <a href="Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> provided the gearbox, clutch, driveshaft and nozzle and conducted the build and verification testing of the LiftFan.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3></div>

<p>The Rolls-Royce LiftSystem comprises four major components:<sup id="cite_ref-RR_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>LiftFan</li>

<li>Engine to fan driveshaft <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Three-bearing swivel module (3BSM)</li>

<li>Roll posts (two)</li></ul>

<p>The three-bearing swivel module (3BSM) is a thrust vectoring nozzle at the rear of the aircraft which directs engine exhaust to pass either straight through with reheat capability for forward flight, or to be deflected downward to provide lift.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For vertical flight, 29,000 hp<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vtolx35_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vtolx35-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is transferred by an extension shaft on the engine fan using a clutch<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Bevel_gear" title="Bevel gear">bevel-gearbox</a> to a <a href="Contra-rotating" title="Contra-rotating">contra-rotating</a> lift-fan located forward of the engine. The fan airflow (low-velocity unheated air) leaves through thrust-vectoring vanes on the underside of the aircraft, and balances the lift from the rear nozzle. For lateral stability and <a href="Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">roll control</a>, <a href="Bypass_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Bypass duct">bypass</a> air from the engine is used in a roll-post nozzle in each wing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">pitch control</a>, the areas of exhaust nozzle and LiftFan inlet are varied while keeping the total lift constant. <a href="Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">Yaw control</a> is achieved by yawing the 3BSM.<sup id="cite_ref-vtolx35_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vtolx35-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forward, and also backward, motion is controlled by tilting the 3BSM and vanes in the LiftFan variable area vane box nozzle.<sup id="cite_ref-ss-hover_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss-hover-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The following are the component thrust values of the system in lift mode:<sup id="cite_ref-RR_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<th>Component

</th>

<th>Thrust

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>3BSM, dry thrust

</td>

<td>18,000 lbf (80 kN)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Lift fan

</td>

<td>20,000 lbf (89 kN)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Roll posts, combined

</td>

<td>3,900 lbf (17 kN)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Total

</td>

<td>41,900 lbf (186 kN)

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>In comparison, the maximum thrust of the <a href="Rolls-Royce_Pegasus" title="Rolls-Royce Pegasus">Rolls-Royce Pegasus</a> 11-61/F402-RR-408, the most powerful version which is used in the <a href="AV-8B" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-8B">AV-8B</a>, is 23,800 pounds-force (106 kN).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weight of the <a href="AV-8B" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-8B">AV-8B</a> is about 46% of the weight of the <a href="F-35B" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35B">F-35B</a>.

</p><p>Like lift engines, the added LiftSystem components are dead weight during flight, but the advantage of employing the LiftSystem is that its greater lift thrust increases takeoff payload by an even larger amount.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_challenges">Engineering challenges</h3></div>

<p>While developing the LiftSystem many engineering difficulties had to be overcome, and new technologies exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The LiftFan uses hollow-bladed titanium <a href="Blisk" title="Blisk">blisks</a> (a bladed disk or "blisk" achieved by super-plastic forming of the blades and linear <a href="Friction_welding" title="Friction welding">friction welding</a> to the blisk hub).<sup id="cite_ref-Eng_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eng-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organic matrix composites are used for the interstage vanes. The LiftFan is cleared<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for flight up to 250 knots (130 m/s) This condition appears as a crosswind to the horizontal intake and occurs when the aircraft transitions between forward flight and hover.<sup id="cite_ref-Zolf_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zolf-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The clutch mechanism uses dry plate carbon–carbon technology originally derived from aircraft brakes. Friction is only used to engage the lift fan at low engine speeds. A mechanical lock-up is engaged before increasing to full power.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The gearbox has to be able to operate with interruptions to its oil supply of up to a minute while transferring full power through 90 degrees to the LiftFan.

</p><p>The Three-Bearing Swivel Module has to both support the final hot thrust vectoring nozzle and transmit its thrust loads back to the engine mounts. The "fueldraulic" actuators for the 3BSM use fuel pressurised to 3,500 pounds-force per square inch (24,000 kPa; 250 kgf/cm<sup>2</sup>), rather than hydraulic fluid, to reduce weight and complexity. One actuator travels with the swivel nozzle, moving through 95 degrees while subject to intense heat and vibration.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3></div>

<p>During concept definition of the Joint Strike Fighter, two Lockheed airframes were flight-tested: the Lockheed X-35A (which was later converted into the X-35B), and the larger-winged X-35C,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the STOVL variant incorporating the Rolls-Royce LiftFan module.

</p><p>LiftSystem flight testing commenced in June 2001, and on 20 July that year the X-35B became the first aircraft in history to perform a short takeoff, a level supersonic dash and vertical landing in a single flight. By the time testing had been completed in August, the aircraft had achieved 17 vertical takeoffs, 14 short takeoffs, 27 vertical landings and five supersonic flights.<sup id="cite_ref-LMpress_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMpress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the final qualifying Joint Strike Fighter flight trials, the X-35B took off in less than 500 feet (150 m), transitioned to supersonic flight, then landed vertically.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Ground tests of the F136/LiftSystem combination were carried out at the General Electric facility in <a href="Peebles%2C_Ohio" title="Peebles, Ohio">Peebles, Ohio</a> in July 2008. On 18 March 2010, a STOVL equipped F-35B performed a vertical hover and landing demonstration at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Lexington Park, MD.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collier_Trophy_award">Collier Trophy award</h3></div>

<p>In 2001, the LiftSystem propulsion system was awarded the <a href="Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in recognition of "the greatest achievement in aeronautics or astronautics in America", specifically for "improving the performance, efficiency and safety of air or space vehicles, the value of which has been thoroughly demonstrated by actual use during the preceding year."<sup id="cite_ref-LMpress_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMpress-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(LiftSystem)">Specifications (LiftSystem)</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Main engine</dt>

<dt><a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney_F135" title="Pratt & Whitney F135">Pratt & Whitney F135</a></dt>

<dd>17,600 pounds-force (78 kN) dry thrust</dd></dl>

<p><b>Components</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-RR_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<dl><dt>LiftFan</dt>

<dd>Two-stage contra-rotating hollow titanium <a href="Blisk" title="Blisk">blisk</a> fan of 50 inches (1.3 m) diameter. Uppermost fan fitted with variable inlet guide vanes. Capable of generating more than 20,000 pounds-force (89 kN) cold thrust<sup id="cite_ref-Eng_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eng-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dt>Three-bearing swivel module</dt>

<dd>Able to rotate through 95 degrees in 2.5 seconds and vector 18,000 pounds-force (80 kN) dry thrust in lift mode, with reheat capability in normal horizontal attitude</dd>

<dt>Roll posts</dt>

<dd>Two: hydraulically actuated</dd></dl>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">X-35/LiftSystem flight demonstration of transition to VTOL configuration, hover, take off in STOVL configuration, in-flight re-fuelling, vertical hover and landing.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Vertical landing demonstration showing operation of the 3BSM.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Turbine and lift fan assembly on display at the National Air and Space Museum, <a href="Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Boeing_X-32" title="Boeing X-32">Boeing X-32</a></li>

<li><a href="XV-4_Hummingbird" class="mw-redirect" title="XV-4 Hummingbird">XV-4 Hummingbird</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_RB108" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce RB108">Rolls-Royce RB108</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Thrust_Measuring_Rig" title="Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig">Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakovlev_Yak-38" title="Yakovlev Yak-38">Yakovlev Yak-38</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Related lists</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_aircraft_engines" title="List of aircraft engines">List of aircraft engines</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703154037/http://naa.aero/userfiles/files/documents/Press%20Releases/Collier%202001%20PR.pdf">"Integrated Lift Fan Gets Nod for Collier Trophy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naa.aero/userfiles/files/documents/Press%20Releases/Collier%202001%20PR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 July 2019.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA395506/page/n5/mode/2up?q=joint+strike+fighter">"Background - Joint Strike Fighter"</a>. p. 4.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RR-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RR_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RR_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RR_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RR_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RR_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RR_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/defence-aerospace/products/combat-jets/rolls-royce-liftsystem.aspx">LiftSystem</a> Rolls-Royce website. Retrieved: July 2017</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LMpress-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LMpress_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LMpress_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LMpress_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LMpress_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2003/PropulsionSystemInLockheedMartinJoi.html">Propulsion System in Lockheed Martin Joint Strike Fighter wins Collier Trophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525131323/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2003/PropulsionSystemInLockheedMartinJoi.html">Archived</a> 25 May 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lockheed Martin press release, 28 February 2003. Retrieved: 3 November 2008</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ss-hover-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ss-hover_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ss-hover_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/businesstechnology/071221-how-f-35b-stovl-propulsion-system-works.html">From Supersonic to Hover: How the F-35 Flies</a> By Chris Kjelgaard Senior Editor posted: 21 December 2007</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeonemagazine.com/article.html?item_id=137">"F-35B Lightning II Three-Bearing Swivel Nozzle | Code One Magazine"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-BevilaquaVideo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BevilaquaVideo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lockheedmartin.com/how/stories/f35_player.html">Undated Lockheed Martin video.</a> Retrieved December 2009</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LiftFanPatent-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiftFanPatent_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5209428.html">"Propulsion system for a vertical and short takeoff and landing aircraft"</a>, United States Patent 5209428</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.janes.com/extracts/extract/jae/jae_1071.html">Rolls-Royce LiftSystem (United States), AERO-ENGINES - LIFTFAN</a> Jane's Aero-Engines. Retrieved: 4 November 2008 </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fiSingle-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiSingle_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/1997/05/21/3890/as-allison-begins-jsf-lift-fan-tests.html">-as Allison begins JSF lift-fan tests</a>" <i>Flight International</i>, 21 May 1997. Retrieved: 19 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102194745/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/as-allison-begins-jsf-lift-fan-tests-3890/">Archived</a> on 2 November 2012.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norris, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/awx/2011/12/02/awx_12_02_2011_p0-401195.xml">"GE, Rolls Give Up on F136 JSF Alternate Engine."</a> <i>Aviation Week</i>, 2 December 2011.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick, Graham. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:d3c882b1-9bb6-4091-8262-a65f82cb171c">F-35B - Driveshaft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413151529/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:d3c882b1-9bb6-4091-8262-a65f82cb171c">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, 9 December 2011. Accessed: 10 April 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick, Graham. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:a568fbd3-e069-42ad-892b-ddd5c425f364">F-35B - Swivel Nozzle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413151601/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:a568fbd3-e069-42ad-892b-ddd5c425f364">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, 9 December 2011. Accessed: 10 April 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick, Graham. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:361db9aa-4f91-4719-bab3-a7bc544c1019">F-35B - The STOVL Challenges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145013/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:361db9aa-4f91-4719-bab3-a7bc544c1019">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, 9 December 2011. Accessed: 10 April 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick, Graham. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:3cb0d3a7-41e6-47eb-9591-1bd43742a6b2">F-35B - Lift Fan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144014/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:3cb0d3a7-41e6-47eb-9591-1bd43742a6b2">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, 9 December 2011. Accessed: 10 April 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-vtolx35-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vtolx35_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vtolx35_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtol.org/Lockheed.htm">Lockheed Propulsion System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620214611/http://www.vtol.org/Lockheed.htm">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>VTOL.org</i>. Retrieved: 19 September 2010.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick, Graham. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:ecd93cec-3ad2-4ced-89e7-b166bda4b838">F-35B - Clutch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140612/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:ecd93cec-3ad2-4ced-89e7-b166bda4b838">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, 9 December 2011. Accessed: 10 April 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick, Graham. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:e8c32907-7096-4ffc-a72c-d1925abcbdfa">F-35B - Roll posts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144639/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:e8c32907-7096-4ffc-a72c-d1925abcbdfa">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, 9 December 2011. Accessed: 10 April 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolls-royce.com/defence_aerospace/technology/stovl.jsp">STOVL pedigree gives Rolls-Royce key technology edge.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115084346/http://www.rolls-royce.com/defence_aerospace/technology/stovl.jsp">Archived</a> 15 November 2008 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Rolls-Royce: Defence Aerospace. Retrieved: 5 November 2008</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/issues/issue20/hutchinson.pdf">Going vertical – developing a short take-off, vertical landing system.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150720000027/http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/issues/issue20/hutchinson.pdf">Archived</a> 20 July 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ingenia Online (PDF) August 2004. Retrieved: December 2009. </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802113917/http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=271">"Going vertical – developing a short take-off, vertical landing system"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=271">the original</a> on 2 August 2012.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Eng-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eng_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eng_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/rolls-royces-liftsystem-for-the-joint-strike-fighter/1008008.article">"Rolls-Royce's LiftSystem for the Joint Strike Fighter"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219050153/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/rolls-royces-liftsystem-for-the-joint-strike-fighter/1008008.article">Archived</a> 19 December 2013 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Ellie Zolfagharifard, <a href="The_Engineer_(UK_magazine)" title="The Engineer (UK magazine)">The Engineer</a> 28 March 2011</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warwick, Graham. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:b60619ef-f34e-43fc-b20b-83339c1c0b9b">F-35B - Doors 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413151552/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:b60619ef-f34e-43fc-b20b-83339c1c0b9b">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:41e6d676-ad38-4c26-a670-b72068fabeae">Doors 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145022/http://www.aviationweek.com/Blogs.aspx?plckBlogId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9c&plckPostId=Blog:a68cb417-3364-4fbf-a9dd-4feda680ec9cPost:41e6d676-ad38-4c26-a670-b72068fabeae">Archived</a> 13 April 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="Aviation_Week_%26_Space_Technology" title="Aviation Week & Space Technology">Aviation Week & Space Technology</a></i>, 9 December 2011. Accessed: 10 April 2014.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Zolf-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zolf_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zolfagharifard, Ellie. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/rolls-royces-liftsystem-for-the-joint-strike-fighter/1008008.article">Rolls-Royce's LiftSystem for the Joint Strike Fighter</a>" <i><a href="The_Engineer_(UK_magazine)" title="The Engineer (UK magazine)">The Engineer (UK magazine)</a></i>, 28 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219050153/http://www.theengineer.co.uk/in-depth/rolls-royces-liftsystem-for-the-joint-strike-fighter/1008008.article">Archived</a> on 19 December 2013]</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Shaft Driven Lift Fan Propulsion System for the Joint Strike Fighter" P. Bevilaqua, Presented at the American Helicopter Society 53rd annual forum, Virginia Beach, Virginia, 29 April – 1 May 1997</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715053937/http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_jsf.htm">"Joint Strike Fighter official site - History page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jsf.mil/history/his_jsf.htm">the original</a> on 15 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PBS: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3004_xplanes.html">Nova transcript "X-planes"</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2010/100318ae_f35b-vertical-landing.html">Lockheed Martin press release</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322195011/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2010/100318ae_f35b-vertical-landing.html">Archived</a> 22 March 2010 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 18 March 2010</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naa.aero/html/awards/index.cfm?cmsid=149">Collier 2000–2007 Winners</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531151135/http://www.naa.aero/html/awards/index.cfm?cmsid=149">Archived</a> 31 May 2011 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Aeronautic Association. Retrieved: 10 November 2008</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rolls-Royce_LiftSystem" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Rolls-Royce LiftSystem">Rolls-Royce LiftSystem</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070812084403/http://www.pw.utc.com/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextrefresh=1&vgnextoid=4b2758bf8a6eb010VgnVCM1000000881000aRCRD">Pratt & Whitney F135 - Project milestones</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/defence-aerospace/products/combat-jets/rolls-royce-liftsystem/overview.aspx">Rolls-Royce - LiftSystem</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160442/http://www.govexec.com/defense/defense-beat/2002/01/the-engine-that-could/10890/">GovExec: The engine that could</a></li>

<li>Paul M. Bevilaqua : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605073353/http://www.dtic.mil/dticasd/sbir/sbir032/n184.doc">The shaft driven Lift Fan propulsion system for the Joint Strike Fighter</a> DTIC.MIL Word document, 5.5 MB. Date: 1997.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineerlive.com/content/21553">Two approaches to achieving short takeoff and vertical landing</a> Design Engineer - Aerospace, 21 February 2013</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeonemagazine.com/f35_article.html?item_id=137">F-35B Lightning II Three-Bearing Swivel Nozzle</a> Code One Magazine, 12 August 2014</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Rolls-Royce_Holdings_aero_engines_and_aircraft483" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce Holdings</a> <a href="Aircraft_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft engines">aero engines</a> and aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Advance 2</li>

<li>Advance 3</li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_RB.183_Tay" title="Rolls-Royce RB.183 Tay">Spey Junior</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent" title="Rolls-Royce Trent">Trent series</a> (<a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent_500" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 500">Trent 500</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent_700" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 700">Trent 700</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent_800" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 800">Trent 800</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent_900" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 900">Trent 900</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent_1000" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 1000">Trent 1000</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent_XWB" title="Rolls-Royce Trent XWB">Trent XWB</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolls-Royce_Trent_7000" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 7000">Trent 7000</a>)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprops</a>/<a href="Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allison_T56" title="Allison T56">501</a> (<a href="Allison_T56_variants" title="Allison T56 variants">variants</a>)†</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fan-type engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aero-derivative industrial <br>and marine <a href="Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Rolls-Royce_ACCEL" title="Rolls-Royce ACCEL">ACCEL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Symbol † indicates <a href="Allison_Engine_Company" title="Allison Engine Company">Allison</a> engines</li>

<li>Symbol ‡ indicates Joint development aero engines</li>

<li>See also Rolls-Royce Limited aero engines and <a href="Rolls-Royce_Heritage_Trust" title="Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust">Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Joint_Strike_Fighter_program" title="Joint Strike Fighter program">Joint Strike Fighter program</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_development" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II development">F-35 development</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="JSF_contenders29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><small>JSF contenders</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boeing_X-32" title="Boeing X-32">Boeing X-32</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_X-35" title="Lockheed Martin X-35">Lockheed Martin X-35</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_Aeronautics" title="Lockheed Martin Aeronautics">Lockheed Martin Aeronautics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_procurement#United_States" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement">US procurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_Combat_Aircraft" title="Joint Combat Aircraft">British procurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_Canadian_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Canadian procurement">Canadian procurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_Israeli_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II Israeli procurement">Israeli procurement</a></li>

<li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_procurement" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II procurement">Other nations' procurement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II_operators" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II operators">F-35 operators</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney_F135" title="Pratt & Whitney F135">Pratt & Whitney F135</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Electric/Rolls-Royce_F136" title="General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136">General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136</a></li>

<li><a href="General_Electric_XA100" title="General Electric XA100">General Electric XA100</a></li>

<li><a href="Pratt_%26_Whitney_XA101" title="Pratt & Whitney XA101">Pratt & Whitney XA101</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment fitted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AN/AAQ-37_Electro-Optical_Distributed_Aperture_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AN/AAQ-37 Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System">AN/AAQ-37 Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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